Construction Of New Buildings Research Articles

Schools history representation through the preservation of educational everyday life artifacts through the process of renovation and construction of school buildings

Introduction. The relevance of the problem of studying and preserving artifacts of educational everyday life of school buildings is due to large-scale renovation and construction of educational infrastructure in Russia. Frequently, during renovation, along with the old walls, historical artifacts of everyday educational life irrevocably go into the past, and the history of the school itself disappears with its established traditions, events and ways of life. In this regard, it is very important to preserve and integrate historical artifacts of everyday school life into new school interiors, which makes it possible to create a comfortable and emotionally safe educational environment for students without losing the historical school identity. The purpose of the research is to identify approaches to representing the history of a school through the preservation of artifacts of educational everyday life in the process of renovation and construction of new school buildings. Materials and methods. Systemic and environmental approaches were used to determine the significance of the problem of preserving and representing artifacts of educational everyday life in the process of renovation of outdated funds and new construction of school buildings to maintain the emotional connection of modern students with the historical heritage of the school, its traditions, way of life, and identity. The research methods determined: analysis of theoretical sources and existing practices of working with artifacts during major repairs and construction of schools, in-depth interviews with representatives of the administration of educational organizations, photographic fixation of artifacts available in educational organizations, expert discussions at round tables and seminars at events of various levels. Results. Based on the data obtained as a result of the conducted research, five approaches to the preservation and representation of their history by educational organizations have been identified, namely: the building is considered as an artifact of a certain historical period, there is a partial preservation of interior artifacts of the past, new artifacts are being developed, a museum of artifacts of educational everyday life is being created, artifacts are used in the educational process. Conclusion. The implementation of the research results will allow us to develop new action algorithms in the renovation and design of schools, taking into account their cultural and historical heritage through the preservation of artifacts of educational everyday life and their careful inclusion in modern and updated interiors.

Harnessing earthquake generated glass and plastic waste for sustainable construction

On February 6, 2023 Türkiye witnessed two massive earthquakes of magnitudes 7.6 and 7.8 centred near Gaziantep Province. The aftermaths of the earthquakes were devastating. Thousands of people were dead under the rubble of collapsed buildings and millions displaced. The challenge was the disposal of tons of debris generated due to the destruction of structures and roads, and the construction of new buildings for relocation of displaced people. Not only being uneconomical, the disposal and new construction also became a major environmental concern. A solution to this problem lies in the constructive disposal of earthquake wastes i.e., the utilization of waste materials from debris generated after an earthquake in order to ensure its proper and beneficial disposition. The article provides a two problems one solution technique in this regard. Research techniques and outcomes of modification of glass and plastic waste in the industries for the manufacture of good quality construction materials and the subsequent use of these materials in construction are reviewed. Further analysis is carried out to determine whether the application of this knowledge in practical field ensures that both environmental and economical requirements are met.

Multi-Scale Analysis of Surface Building Density and Land Subsidence Using a Combination of Wavelet Transform and Spatial Autocorrelation in the Plains of Beijing

Land subsidence is a major issue in the Beijing Plain in China, caused by the construction of new buildings and infrastructure combined with groundwater extraction. This study employs a multi-level two-dimensional wavelet decomposition to decompose land subsidence into high- and low-frequency components, and Moran’s I index to analyze the spatial distribution of land subsidence and its main influencing factors. By comparing the spatial distributions of the high- and low-frequency components, we estimate the correlation between land subsidence and influencing factors at different scales. Utilizing a combination of wavelet decomposition and Moran’s I analysis, our study establishes a clear spatial correlation between continuously varying factors such as groundwater and clay layer thickness, and the low-frequency components of land subsidence, allowing for a focused analysis of the relationship between surface building density and the high-frequency components of land subsidence. Quantitatively, the study identifies a significant correlation at specific granularities, particularly at 480 m and 960 m, underscoring the nuanced interaction between urban development and land subsidence patterns. These insights into the spatial distribution of land subsidence and its contributing factors can inform the development of effective strategies to address this issue.

КАРТОГРАФИРОВАНИЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СРЕДНИМИ ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫМИ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯМИ ЛЕНИНСКОГО РАЙОНА ГОРОДА САРАНСКА

The Russian secondary education system is unique, both in its mass character and in the multidimensional nature of services, and today it is the most actively developing sector in the education system. For people's lives, it is socially important to have educational institutions within walking distance, which in turn determines the comfort of living of the population. Secondary education is focused on the formation of a comprehensively developed personality, with ideals and values corresponding to the culture of the Russian peoples. These educational institutions are part of general education organizations, the main purpose of which is to carry out educational activities in general education programs of primary general, basic general and (or) secondary general education.
 The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that during the construction of new residential buildings, developers ignore such social infrastructure facilities as secondary educational institutions, which causes a shortage of places. Despite a lot of research in the field of education, due attention has not been paid to the issues of providing the population with secondary educational institutions. The described author's methodology can serve as a basis for assessing the security of the population, both in other cities and in other social infrastructure facilities.
 The results of the conducted research can be used by municipal authorities in assessing the state of the city's infrastructure.

Are Existing LCIA Methods Related to Mineral and Metal Resources Relevant for an AESA Approach Applied to the Building Sector? Case Study on the Construction of New Buildings in France

Considering the challenges that mineral and metallic resources represent for the building sector, there is a need to propose decision-support tools to building stakeholders. One of the possibilities could be to integrate an indicator of pressure on mineral resources in an absolute environmental sustainability assessment (AESA) approach, using life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods. This paper will analyze the existing LCIA indicators that can be used to represent the impact on mineral resources of new constructions, with a case study on new buildings in France in 2015. This analysis aims to find out whether the existing LCIA methods dealing with mineral and metallic resources issues are adapted to the specific stakes of the building sector in an AESA approach. The AESA approach considered is the one proposed by Bjørn and Hauschild. Several steps are detailed in this paper. Firstly, bibliographic research was carried out to identify existing LCIA methods related to the mineral resources. Secondly, selection criteria were defined in order to select those LCIA methods relevant for the building sector. Thirdly, the scope of the case study was defined and its inventory analysis was conducted using the Ecoinvent 3.5 database, selecting only the mineral and metallic input flows. Finally, the comparison between the inventory of mineral and metallic flows issued from the inventory analysis and the substances considered in the selected LCIA methods was effected. The results show that none of the existing LCIA methods are compatible with the aim of developing an LCIA indicator for mineral and metallic resources that is compatible with an AESA approach, in particular for the building sector.

Ensuring Sustainability of Residential Buildings by using Local Materials in the Conditions of the Republic of Moldova

The study is an overview of the current situation in the Republic of Moldova regarding the sustainability of residential buildings. Advances in the building industry indicate a shift towards energy efficiency with minimal consumption. The authors aim to find a sustainable solution for implementation in the Republic of Moldova. To achieve this, they perform energy efficiency calculations for the envelope of a residential building that utilizes locally available limestone blocks, sourced from 44 quarries across the territory. Technical abbreviations will be defined upon their first use. For thermal insulation, the authors suggest using two layers of masonry enclosing 6 cm thick polyurethane foam. The purpose of this study is to highlight the importance of sustainability in the construction of new residential buildings in the Republic of Moldova. This is particularly relevant in the absence of a comprehensive regulatory framework on energy efficiency for residential buildings.

Infrastructural Development and TET Fund Participation in some Selected Higher Institutions in Anambra State – Nigeria

Purpose: This study examined TETFund interventions in the development of infrastructure in selected tertiary institutions in Anambra state using Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Federal Polytechnic Oko, and Nwafor Orizu College of Education Nsugbe as areas of study.
 Materials and Methods: It adopted adopts descriptive survey design wherein structured questionnaire was used to collect information from a sample of 125 participants. With the aid of SPSS version 20.0 tools of analysis, and public good theory, the data generated was extensively analysed and discussed.
 Findings: Results of the analysis reveal that infrastructural decay persists in the tertiary institutions in spite of the intervention. It reveals also that TETFund does not engage in the rehabilitation of existing infrastructures and focuses on the provision of up-to-date textbooks and construction of new buildings to the neglect of other infrastructures.
 Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Among others, the paper recommends the expansion of TETFund intervention to include rehabilitation of old infrastructures and the diversification of its interventions in new projects to include all forms of infrastructures.

A comparative analysis of two century‐old historical map and satellite images for assessing land use transformation and preservation of the historical monuments of the Ahmad Shahi old city, Kandahar

AbstractThis study evaluates land use transformation in Kandahar's old city, also known as Ahmad Shahi city, the birthplace and first capital of modern Afghanistan. The city consists of four rectangular quarters and is surrounded by a high strong mud wall, entrance gates, and a moat. In the early 20th century, the city experienced significant and arbitrary expansion, which certainly affected the urban fabric of the area, the streets were widened, and the city wall, towers, and gates were demolished, and the area was added to the construction of new government buildings, commercial establishments, and residential plots. This study aims to evaluate the alterations in the old city's urban morphology, culture, and sociology by conducting a comparative analysis of three maps from different time periods and considering various factors within the target area.

LAJOS FEKETE, HUNGARIAN ROYAL MINISTER COUNCELLAR, DIRECTOR OF THE HUNGARIAN ROYAL ACADEMY OF MINING AND FORESTRY

Lajos Fekete, Hungarian Royal Minister Counsellor, Forestry Academy professor is a leading figure in higher forestry education, who achieved indefeasible results in creating Hungarian language education and the Hungarian forestry language. Between 1872 and 1891, he headed the Department of Phytology and Silviculture at the Royal Hungarian Academy of Mining and Forestry in Selmecbánya, and from 1891 until his retirement he headed the Department of Forest Management. He played an important role in the organisation of the Academy campus, the construction of new educational buildings and the development and furnishing of the botanical gardens, as well as in the compilation and development of collections related to the subjects he taught (zoology, entomology, botany, climatology and soil science). Hungarian experiments in forestry began to take institutional form in 1897/98, and Lajos Fekete was responsible for this, as well as for the idea of establishing forestry education on a secondary level. Although he had already exceeded the possible age of retirement in 1894, his tireless work ethic kept him in the Academy. He enjoyed the confidence of the Academy's teaching staff and served as vice-principal in the academic year 1892/93, then as director in the academic years 1897/98, 1898/1899 and 1899/1900, and was also head of the forestry department. At the age of 69, on 1 October 1906, he was retired at his own request, because of his failing eyesight towards the end of his life. Thus, the last serving teacher of the first faculty of the Forestry Academy left the academy chair. On this occasion, he was awarded the title of Minister Counsellor in recognition of his services. In 1910, six years before his death, he received the highest recognition for his work, being accepted as a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. There is no branch of forestry science in which his work has not left a lasting mark. Despite this extremely productive and diversified career, which produced outstanding achievements in all fields, posterity has treated and still treats Lajos Fekete, whose work and human behaviour can stand as an example to us all, rather cruel.

Modular concrete structures for the restoration of destroyed residential buildings in Ukraine

AbstractSince the beginning of the military invasion by Russia on February 24, 2022 and subsequent hostilities in Ukraine, approximately 140,000 residential buildings (of which around 18,000 are apartment buildings) have been destroyed or damaged. Destructions require a systematic approach to the restoration or construction of new buildings. This article analyzes the types of destruction of multi‐story prefabricated reinforced concrete residential buildings and proposed methods for restoration of damaged and partially destroyed high‐rise buildings. Improved modular concrete structures developed from high‐performance concrete and different variations of rebar can significantly speed up the recovery of affected regions.

Ways to address the construction of new buildings in old urban areas

This paper deals with the problem of constructing new buildings in old urban areas, with emphasis on determining the actual dimensions of the active footprint of existing foundations. The study focuses on the problems associated with limited space for construction, geotechnical conditions, soil characteristics, as well as the features of near-surface foundations and methods for calculating their settlement. The paper proposes a methodology that, when applied, provides a more accurate and reliable determination of non-uniformity of base deformations of neighboring foundations. This is achieved by taking into account a number of factors, such as the sequence of erection, soil compaction, the size of the footings and the magnitude of loads. The proposed approach also substantiates the optimal spacing of the designed neighboring foundations, helping to reduce the negative impact on existing structures and ensuring the stability and durability of both new and existing structures. The results of this study represent a significant contribution to the development of effective construction solutions in limited urban spaces, and can be used by designers and builders to optimize construction processes and ensure the stability of buildings in complex geotechnical conditions.

CO2 reduction of resolved wall structures: A load-bearing capacity-based modularization and assembly approach

The demand for new housing is constantly growing and cannot be met by artisanal, in-situ construction methods. At the same time, CO2 emissions generated from the construction of new buildings need to be significantly reduced. Precast concrete elements offer the potential for an optimized design with minimal material consumption using high-performance materials. However, this only makes sense when the precast modules can be fabricated in a serial manner. Therefore, a modularization approach is developed that resolves structures into a small number of similar modules to enable an efficient and rapid mass production. Walls and wall-like beams are divided into hexagonal honeycomb structures mainly consisting of Y-modules and columns. The load-bearing capacity of these modules is described holistically for bending, shear and stability. By means of clustering, modules with low CO2 emissions with respect to their load-bearing capacity are grouped into construction kits. These kits are then used to assemble the final honeycomb structures. This combinatorial optimization problem is solved with two metaheuristics, Tabu Search and Simulated Annealing. Three case studies show that this modular approach reduces CO2 emissions by up to 80% compared to monolithic structures. The optimized positioning saves a further 23% with the same load-bearing capacity.

The Challenges of Defining the Borders of the Areas of Architectural Identity

Determining precise boundaries between different territorial units is challenging due to various factors. Slovenia serves as example of country where defining boundaries of spatial units is full of challenges due to country’s diversity in various aspects. In architectural profession, it is possible to determine boundaries of architectural landscapes based on differences in placement of objects and their design. The work requires significant amount of data on buildings, which need to be processed and sensibly organized. In 1990s, Fister and colleagues delineated architectural landscapes and regions of Slovenia. However, even then, authors warned about the problem of changing building characteristics that define specific architectural landscapes or regions, and instability or possible alteration of boundaries between them. Some other disciplines also deal with similar problems where boundary-defining characteristics change. Several decades have passed since Slovenia’s first consideration of its architectural regions and landscapes, marked by devaluation of architectural identity and emergence of new building forms and purposes. As part of Targeted research project Architectural typologies and architectural landscapes and regions of Slovenia, we aimed to assess current situation in this field using various tools and the Method for Determining Architecturally Conditioned Spatial Identity (MAPPI). The detailed analysis of settlement of Prebold revealed significant impact of construction of new buildings in recent decades and the devaluation of architectural identity. This case has raised new questions, such as regulation of architectural appearance in characteristic areas, while also demonstrating the practical value of the MAPPI method for determining boundaries between architectural regions and landscapes.

МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЯ ДВОРІВ БАГАТОКВАРТИРНОЇ ЖИТЛОВОЇ ЗАБУДОВИ В УКРАЇНІ: ПЕРЕДУМОВИ ТА ЗАВДАННЯ

The article considers the main approaches and means of urban planning optimization of courtyard spaces of residential apartment buildings in the late twentieth century in various areas of urban planning theory and practice. The purpose of the article is to substantiate them for implementation in Ukraine. The research is based on a comparison of the technical indicators of residential groups in Lviv (Ukraine), Leinefelde (Germany) and Kielce (Poland). The considered theoretical works and practical approaches are grouped by conceptual approaches and means of their realization: - renovation, reconstruction and construction of new buildings (in the context of sustainable development and energy efficiency); - previous point with a significant emphasis on the development of existing and saturation of spaces with new functions necessary to fully provide for the residents of the residential area; - a complex strategy for the development of the territory. The success or appropriateness of these approaches should be considered on a case-by-case basis, taking into account all available factors. The method of systematizing the available knowledge about the object of research and substantiating the needs for the object based on the development of quantitative indicators is used in the work. For the detailed analysis, we chose an area in the northern part of Lviv in the area of I. Mazepa Street, I. Mykolaychuk Street, and M. Khvylovoho Street, which is currently being intensively urbanized. The level of comfort and technical condition of housing built in Ukraine at the end of the twentieth century no longer meets the requirements of the present. This also applies to the courtyard space of these houses. Based on the authors' previous experience on this topic, the authors propose the next - the main method of modernizing the courtyards of residential apartment buildings is to reduce the area of functionally inefficient territories by introducing new functions - commercial and non-commercial, as a means of revitalizing the area.

Increasing Space for Collections Storing: National Libraries Practice

Library collection development is directly related to the issues of placement, storage and delivery of documents. The eternal storage of the totality of documents that make up the national heritage is one of the functions of national libraries (NL), which solve the problem of placing materials with consideration to their financial and other capabilities.An overview of the successful national libraries’ practice in solving the lack of storage space problem is presented (Library of Congress, British Library, German National Library, National Diet Library of Japan, National Library of France, Royal Library of Sweden, Austrian National Library, National Library of the Czech Republic, Royal Library of the Netherlands). The experience of the Russian State Library in solving this problem is also analyzed.Finding place for growing collections with a tight of storing conditions is a challenge that requires not only constant attention, but also a flexible approach. Various options for solving this problem are being considered: construction of new (including remote) storage facilities; efficient use of existing premises (for example, an implementation of high density storage systems or co-opting of premises built for other purposes — idle exhibition centers functional conversion, etc.); lease of rentable areas.The research is based on the analysis of information from official websites of the national libraries.The appendix presents the results of the NL survey on the following issues: withdrawing of certain categories of materials, dispatching them to depositories; construction of new storage buildings; statistics concerning active use and actual availability of collections.

Multiscale pattern analysis of building replacements in Zurich from 2000 to 2019

Building replacement (BR) – i.e., the demolition of existing structures and subsequent construction of new buildings on the same site – is often understood as a necessary urban planning strategy despite significant environmental implications regarding solid waste generation, raw material depletion, and embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Besides, BR may also be considered an effective form of urban mining. Yet it has not been adequately studied in academic literature. Current studies often adopt a simplified ‘black box’ approach that overlooks the intricate internal mechanisms and fails to capture the interconnected material flows within the building stock. To address these gaps, this paper utilizes descriptive statistics and bipartite graph analysis to examine the transformation patterns of BR across three spatial scales in the city of Zurich. The analysis encompasses 1,018 replacement projects involving 6,115 building units from 2000 to 2019. By comparing the characteristics of demolished and newly constructed groups, the study reveals insights into the dynamic nature of BR. From a broader perspective, the combination of the various heterogeneous BR-related findings in this paper highlights the need to evaluate the application of circular economy principles to large building stocks with a more nuanced understanding of building stock dynamics over time.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS TODAY

Nowadays, we hear the words energy efficiency and zero energy building more and more often. The concept of zero-energy building and energy-efficient building is becoming the goal of building design. Sustainable construction, which includes proper methods, materials, technologies, can ensure environmentally friendly use of natural resources and mitigation of global warming. Construction is an industry that does not stand still and almost all the time we see the construction of new buildings, the renovation of existing buildings, etc., but do these buildings meet modern standards? The authors will perform the necessary calculations to find out to what extent a real construction object meets modern requirements and how the energy efficiency of this object could be further improved.

PROBLEMS OF REVITALIZATION OF FACILITIES OF THE SUBJECT-SPATIAL ENVIRONMENT AND MODERN BUILDING IN THE HISTORICAL PART OF SMALL TOWNS

The revitalization of objects of the subject-spatial environment and the construction of modern buildings in the historical environment of settlements is a complex task that causes numerous discussions. This process is often accompanied by sharp accusations, in which the main argument sounds quite convincing: new buildings and structures disturb the authentic atmosphere of the old buildings.
 Cities that are on the list of historical ones, according to the Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Cultural Heritage», require a special approach to their preservation and spatial development. The legislation regulates the construction of such cities in the historical environment through the so-called historical areas, historical and architectural reserves, the allocation of protected areas, complex protection zones, and development regulation zones.
 The introduction of security restrictions contributes to the preservation of the historical architectural and urban structure of such cities, but at the same time restrains new construction and restoration and reconstruction of abandoned buildings and structures. Thus, due to these restrictions, after many years of disinterested attitude of developers and lenders to architectural monuments, their condition has greatly deteriorated. Many buildings need not just cosmetic repairs, but serious restoration work. Revitalization projects of objects in the historical part of cities must be carried out on the basis of security documentation, which clearly regulates the approaches and principles of building reproduction. Such projects should also be implemented on the basis of an integrated approach to the reproduction of buildings, which will make it possible to ensure the maximum preservation of their valuable historical environment and compliance with monument protection requirements.
 Since the planning structure and construction of old quarters were created in accordance with the requirements of previous socio-economic eras, they are practically not amenable to adaptation to new functions. Therefore, today the task is to carry out their reconstruction with the maximum preservation of historically valuable buildings and at the same time harmoniously fit new structural elements into their subject-spatial environment. Here, it is important to ensure that when a new building is introduced into the historical environment, the modern architectural form becomes part of the formed architectural ensemble, and does not look like a foreign element. It is necessary to treat the historically valuable buildings with great responsibility, which must be preserved and maintained in good condition in every possible way, at the same time not to refuse the construction of new buildings in the historical environment, which should correspond in appearance and technology to the present, and not mechanically copy the historical past, devaluing it.

Soil Footprint and Land-Use Change to Clean Energy Production: Implications for Solar and Wind Power Plants

Shifting from fossil fuels to alternative energies is crucial for mitigating climate change and reducing dependence on environmentally harmful resources. Measuring the soil footprint of alternative energies is equally essential, as it helps promote sustainable development. This research proposes a methodological approach to assess the land consumed by photovoltaic panels installed on land (PVL), on roofs (PVR), and wind power systems (WP) in Italy. A sample of 186 plants was analysed, and the total area occupied by these plants was measured. Moreover, the area needed for new infrastructure and facilities serving the plants was measured. Finally, the land use change was assessed by determining the land use before installing PVL and WP. Approximately 92.8% of WP entailed the construction of new road networks, while 34.8% of PVL required the construction of new buildings. The surface area demand by the WP was lower (1.3 m2 kW−1) than PVL (21.2 m2 kW−1). Overall, a highly positive correlation was found between the nominal power of the plants and the total area occupied (R2 = 0.94, 0.95, and 0.90 for PVL, PVR, and WP, respectively). The areas occupied by new plants were mainly devoted to agriculture (75.8% for PVL and 71.4% for WP); however, WP were also located in forest areas (17.9%). The methodology proposed may be extended to assess the global footprint of alternative energies and address sustainable energy management.

Towards a spatio‐temporal multicriteria evaluation method: A suitability analysis of residential units in a 3D urban environment

AbstractSpatial multi‐criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques aid urban planning management by analyzing decision problem alternatives for solutions to help inform decision‐making. However, there is a lack of such methods that incorporate the temporal dimension, an important factor when analyzing the dynamic urban landscape and decisions surrounding its changes. A novel spatio‐temporal MCE approach is proposed that operates in three‐dimensional (3D) space and time to identify changing suitability values of decision alternatives. This space–time method is implemented to evaluate the suitability of residential units over a 15‐year period in part of downtown City of Vancouver, Canada. The results indicate that the majority of units exhibit a decrease in suitability with time due to depreciation and reduction of assets like view and privacy from the construction of new buildings. The proposed method can be used by urban planners and developers to assist in long‐term assessments of proposed development scenarios and their impact on existing urban infrastructure.